Vi läste kurser som kunde tillgodoräknas helt och hållet. Under vår vistelse fick vi tillgodoräknande motsvarande totalt 18hp. Vi tillgodoräknades två hela valbara kurser på 7,5hp vardera samt en del av en klinisk kurs, motsvarande 3hp.Vi examinerades utifrån vår förmåga att arbeta praktiskt, muntlig redovisning på engelska samt en stor skriftlig sammanställning på engelska över allt vi gjort under utbytesperioden. I denna rapport tar jag med ett axplock av det vi lärde oss. Detaljerad beskrivning användes som examinationsunderlag.
Hematology
Cyanmethemoglobin
method
Measurement of the total hemoglobin concentration in whole blood is a
basic screen for anemia and polycythemia. Cyanmethemoglobin method is a standard,
colorimetric, method for measuring the concentration of hemoglobin. Venous blood collected into dry EDTA is diluted in Drabkin’s
solution. This solution contains potassium ferricyanide and potassium cyanide. Potassium
ferricyanide oxidizes iron to form methemoglobin. The potassium cyanide then combines with
methemoglobin to form cyanmethemoglobin. Cyanmethemoglobin is a stable color
that can be measured in a spectrophotometer at 540nm. The optical density is
proportional to the concentration of hemoglobin. The absorbance of the solution
is measured against a reference standard solution of cyanmethemoglobin.
Venous puncture
For the first time ever, I practiced venous sampling
with the classic “open method”. This method is common in poor countries. There
are only a few hospitals around Lisbon that use the “open method”. Materials
required are a needle and a syringe, compared with the modern method when you
use a needle and a vacuum tube.Before venous puncture it is important to make sure
there is nothing that blocks the blood flow in the needle. It is also important
to control the expiration date of the needles and tubes. Before puncture you
must clean the puncture area with 70% alcohol. When the collection is finished,
you can put the blood over to a tube, for example with EDTA. Remember to mix
the blood well.
Hemogloin electrophoresis
Hemoglobin
electrophoresis is a method that can detect different types
of hemoglobin. For example in sickle cell anemia you have abnormal levels of
HbS. Hemoglobin is separated by its charge, different hemoglobin have different
charges. To see the band of different hemoglobin you must stain and wash the
gel. There are three common types of hemoglobin in human adults. Hemoglobin A1
is the most common, normally over 95% of total hemoglobin. The other two types
are hemoglobin A2 and fetal hemoglobin.
Osmotic fragility
Osmotic fragility is a test to
detect
whether erythrocytes are more likely to break down. Red
blood cells are tested with a solution that makes them swell, in order to
determine how fragile they are. This
test is performed mainly to detect hereditary spherocytosis. Hereditary spherocytosis makes
erythrocytes more fragile than normal because it involves mutations of membrane structural proteins.
May-Grünwald Giemsa stain
May-Grünwald Giemsa stain is a type of Romanowski stain. It is mainly
used for differential counting of white blood cells. May-Grünwald stains
cytoplasm and granules by combines the effect of acidic eosin and alkaline
methylene blue. Giemsa stains the nucleus and makes effect of azur. The result
gives differential staining of the white cells upon their cytochemical
properties. The color of Erythrocytes will be light pink. The nucleus of
leukocytes will be dark blue and the cytoplasm pale blue to pale pink.
Trombocytes will have violet to purple granules.The purpose of this lab was to measure the concentration of chloride ions
in a sample of water. In my case the sample came from a water spring. Chloride
ions can come into the water by corrosion or contamination. Contaminations can
be caused by humans (urine or feces) or from the sea. To measure the
concentrations of calcium ions we use a colorimetric method called Mohr.
Food and water
Water alcalinity
The purpose of this lab was to measure the alkalinity in a sample of
water. Alkalinity is a measure of dissolved HCO3- and CO32-
in water. Alkalinity is the ability of the water to resist pH changes, such as
acidification. Alkalinity is measured in units of mg HCO3-.
The higher alkalinity of the water has the better ability to resist pH changes.
An alkalinity greater than 60mg HCO3- /L reduces the risk
of corrosion. Alkalinity is the amount of acid that is required to reach pH
4.5
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is essentially about manipulation of materials in an
atomic level. The goal with the manipulation is to create new properties and
functionality. Nano involves particles in size of 10-9 m. Particles
that have at least one of the diameters in Nano-scale is called a nanoparticle.
This small particle is not affected by gravity or friction, which creates
unique properties. Because of that we are talking about quantum physics instead
of classical physics. Nanoparticles have extremely high surface area to volume
ratio. This ratio reduces the melting temperature and provides a great driving
force for interactions. For example, bulked gold are normally yellow in color
and melts at 1064oC. Gold nanoparticles have a red color and melts
at 300oC.
SOFA statistics
SOFA statistics is simple
statistic program. The software is free and can be downloaded from the web
(www.sofastatistics.com). The main purpose of this course is to know how to
work with data in SOFA and interpret the results.